![]() ![]() Middle column - Involves the posterior aspect of the vertebral body/intervertebral disc, and the posterior longitudinal ligament.Anterior column - Involves the anterior two thirds of the vertebral body/intervertebral disc, and the anterior longitudinal ligament.The spine may be split into three "columns" for the purpose of assessment of stability:.Results also in fractures of the posterior elements, particularly the facets and laminae, and in fracture - dislocations.The spinal ligaments withstand compression and distraction forces well, but are very susceptible to disruption by rotation.Osseous structure will be maintained, to the detriment of the interspinous ligaments. If occurring in combination with flexion or extension, this lessens the severity of compression resulting from these forces.Movement of the head, which weighs approximately 4-5kg, creates tensile forces on the cervical spine.Increased compression causes the intervertebral disc to explode into the vertebral body.Initial trauma is to the vertebral endplates.The posterior elements are simultaneously compressed, which may result in fractures of the spinous processes, laminae and facets.The latter results in an avulsion fracture of the anterior superior or inferior margin of the vertebral body. This may tear at the intervertebral disc space or at the margin of the vertebral body. Hyperextension creates tension in the anterior longitudinal ligament.The posterior elements - the spinous processes, laminae and supporting ligaments are placed in tension, which result in fractures and tears of these structures. ![]() Compression of the vertebral body causes anterior wedging.As the head is flexed, the maximum force is focused upon the bodies of C4-C7.Up to 80% of all cervical spine injuries are due to hyperflexion.In the cervical spine region, the spinal cord occupies 50% of the spinal canal. ![]() On the lateral radiograph it may be measured relative to the vertebral body - the two should be equal.
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